Comorbid Psychiatric Symptom Associated With Oppositional Defiant Symptom in Community School-Age Children

Objectives@#Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders in childhood. This study aimed to investigate comorbid psychiatric symptoms and associated factors in elementary school children with symptoms of ODD. @*Methods@#The participants consisted of 205 mother-offspring pairs. Psychiatric symptoms were measured using the Diagnostic Predictive Scales and Korean Child Behavior Checklist. Psychiatric comorbid symptoms were compared between children with ODD symptom and those without ODD symptom. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio of psychiatric symptom on ODD. @*Results@#ODD group had a significant association with internalizing and externalizing problem (p=0.001, p<0.001, respectively). ODD group were more comorbid with anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Among psychiatric disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=18.620, p<0.001) and conduct disorder (AOR=9.529, p=0.014) were associated with ODD symptom. @*Conclusion@#These findings suggest that children with ODD symptom had significantly higher rates of comorbid psychiatric symptoms. And GAD and conduct disorder are related to ODD symptom.

Urethroplasty of extensive penile urethral strictures with a longitudinal ventral tubed flap of penile skin (modified Orandi urethroplasty): 20 years of follow-up of two cases

The surgical treatment of extensive urethral strictures remains a controversial topic; although techniques have evolved, there is still no definite method of choice. Since 1968, when Orandi presented an original technique for one-stage urethroplasty using a penile skin flap, the Orandi technique has become the most prevalently used one-stage procedure for anterior urethral strictures. We present a 20-year follow-up experience with one-stage reconstruction of long urethral strictures using a longitudinal ventral tubed flap of penile skin, with some important technical changes to Orandi’s original technique to overcome the deficient vascularity caused by periurethral scar tissue. In 1997, a 55-year-old male patient complained of severe voiding difficulty and a weak urinary stream because of transurethral resection of the prostate due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Another 47-year-old male patient had the same problem due to self-removal of a Foley catheter in 2002. In both patients, a urethrogram demonstrated extensive strictures involving the long segment of the anterior urethra. A rectangular skin flap on the ventral surface of the penis was used considering the appropriate length, diameter, and depth of the neourethra. The modified Orandi flap provided a pedicled strip of penile skin measuring an average of 8 cm. The mean duration of follow-up was 20.5 years. A long-term evaluation revealed stable performance characteristics without any complications.

Serially expanded flap use to treat large hairless scalp lesions

Hairless scalp areas can occur due to trauma, tumors, or congenital disease. This aesthetically unpleasing condition can lead to psychosocial distress, and thin skin flaps may be prone to scarring. Treating the hairless scalp by simple excision is challenging because of skin tension. Tissue expanders are a good option for hairless scalp resurfacing. However, a single expansion may be inadequate to cover the entire defect. This report describes good results obtained using a serial resurfacing method involving re-expansion of the flap with a tissue expander to treat two patients with large lesions: one due to aplasia cutis congenital and another who underwent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance resection. The results suggest that scalp resurfacing by serial tissue expansion using a tissue expander can be used for extensive lesions.

Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential test as an evaluation tool for infraorbital nerve damage

BACKGROUND: Neurosensory changes are frequently observed in the patients with mid-face fractures, and these symptoms are often caused by infraorbital nerve (ION) damage. Although ION damage is a relatively common phenomenon, there are no established and objective methods to evaluate it. The aim of this study was to test whether trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential (TSEP) could be used as a prognostic predictor of ION damage and TSEP testing was an objective method to evaluate ION injury. METHODS: In this prospective TSEP study, 48 patients with unilateral mid-face fracture (only unilateral blow out fracture and unilateral zygomaticomaxillary fracture were included) and potential ION damages were enrolled. Both sides of the face were examined with TSEP and the non-traumatized side of the face was used as control. We calculated the latency difference between the affected and the unaffected sides. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients recovered within 3 months, and 21 patients took more than 3 months to recover. The average latency difference between the affected side and unaffected side was 1.4 and 4.1 ms for the group that recovered within 3 months and the group that recovered after 3 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients who suffered ION damage showed prolonged latency when examined using the TSEP test. TSEP is an effective tool for evaluation of nerve injury and predicting the recovery of patients with ION damage.

Epidemiologic study of hand and upper extremity injuries by power tools

BACKGROUND: Hand injuries caused by chain saws, electric saws, and hand grinders range from simple lacerations to tendon injuries, fractures, and even amputations. This study aimed to understand the distribution of various types of hand and upper extremity injuries caused by power tools, in order to help prevent them, by investigating the incidence and cause of power tool injuries treated over a 4-year period at a single institution in Korea. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients who visited a single institution for power tool-induced injuries from 2011 to 2014. The distribution of sex, age, injured body part, type of injury, and mechanism of injury sustained by patients who received hand and upper extremity injuries from using an engine saw, electric saw, or hand grinder was evaluated. RESULTS: Among 594 subjects who were injured by power tools, 261 cases were hand and upper extremity injuries. The average age was 53.2 years. Tendon injury was the most common type of injury. An electric saw was the most common type of power tool used. More injuries occurred in non-occupational settings than in occupational settings. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, power tool-induced hand and upper extremity injuries were mostly caused by direct contact with electric saw blades. More injuries occurred due to non-occupational use of these tools, but the ratios of amputations and structural injuries were similar in the non-occupational and occupational groups.

Fasciotomy in compartment syndrome from snakebite

BACKGROUND: Local symptoms and signs of snake envenomation mimic the clinical features of compartment syndrome. It is important to measure the intracompartmental pressure to diagnose compartment syndrome. In this study, we present our experiences of confirming compartment syndrome and performing fasciotomy in snakebite patients based on high intracompartmental pressure findings. METHODS: The medical records of patients who visited the trauma center of Wonju Severance Christian Hospital from January 2010 to December 2015 for the management of venomous snakebite were retrospectively reviewed. Starting in 2014, fasciotomy was performed in patients with an intracompartmental pressure of more than 40 mmHg in addition to the clinical symptoms of compartment syndrome. RESULTS: A total of 158 patients with snakebite came to the hospital within 48 hours for treatment. Most patients (110 patients) were bitten at the upper extremities (69.6%). Since 2014, 33 out of 59 patients were suspected to have compartment syndrome, and their intracompartmental pressures were measured. Seventeen of those patients had a high intracompartmental pressure (average, 49.6 mmHg; range, 37–88 mmHg), and fasciotomy was performed. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, as many as 10.8% of all cases were in need of fasciotomy when compartment syndrome was diagnosed by measuring the intracompartmental pressure. Previously, it was reported that fasciotomy was not required in many cases of compartment syndrome originating from snakebite. However, some patients may develop very severe compartment syndrome, requiring fasciotomy.

Ectopic pleomorphic adenoma on subcutaneous plane of the cheek

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the salivary gland. Pleomorphic adenoma occurs most commonly in the parotid gland but it may involve other salivary gland such as submandible or lingual. We report an ectopic pleomorphic adenoma in the subcutaneous layer of the face. A woman presented with a mass of the nasolabial fold. After excision of the mass, it was revealed as an pleomorphic adenoma pathologically. An ectopic pleomorphic adenoma which was located in the subcutaneous layer of the face is very rare in medical literature.

Reconstruction of cutaneous defects of the nasal tip and alar by two different methods

BACKGROUND: The alar and nasal tip are important subunits of the nose. Determining the optimal procedure for reconstructing a cutaneous defect in a nasal subunit depends on several factors including size, location, and involvement of deep underlying structures. We treated cutaneous defects after tumor ablation in the alar and nasal tip with a local flap, using an S-shaped design and a modified V-Y advancement flap with a croissant shape. METHODS: We analyzed 36 patients with skin tumors who underwent flap coverage after tumor ablation. Rotation flaps were used in 26 cases and croissant-shaped V-Y advancement flaps were used in 10 cases. The primary cause of the defects was skin cancer, except for one benign tumor. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 71 years. The size of the defects ranged from 0.49 cm² to 3.5 cm². No recurrence of skin cancer was noted and all flaps lasted until the end of follow-up. Partial desquamation of the epidermis was noted in one case. The postoperative appearance for most patients was excellent, objectively and subjectively. CONCLUSION: For cutaneous defects of up to about 4.0 cm² of the alar and nasal tip, local flaps using our methods offered a good cosmetic and therapeutic result. The main advantage of our flaps is the minimal dissection required compared to bilobed and other local flap methods. We believe our flaps are a suitable option for alar and nasal tip reconstruction.

Predictors of the Frequency of Ethanol Injections for Renal Cyst Ablation: A Preliminary Study

PURPOSE@#To assess the factors facilitating the prediction of the frequency of ethanol injections in successful renal cyst ablation.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#We retrospectively reviewed the computed tomography and ultrasonography scans of 37 renal cysts. Two radiologists evaluated the characteristics of the presenting renal cysts, including size, calcification, septation, and lobulated configuration. Patients were divided into an “above-four” group and “below-three” group, according to the number of ethanol injections.@*RESULTS@#Among the 37 renal cysts, six belonged to the “above-four” group and 31 to the “below-three” group. The mean volume of “above-four” group was 409.48 cc and that of the other group was 301.64 cc. Seven renal cysts included three belonging to the “above-four” group, which showed calcification. Twelve renal cysts presented a multilocular appearance with thin septa, and included a cyst classified under the “above-four” group. Three renal cysts had lobulated configuration, with one of them belonging to the “above-four” group.@*CONCLUSION@#No significant correlation was found among the different factors in the prediction of the frequency of renal cyst ablation. However, calcification was the most useful parameter for prediction of the number of renal cyst ablations needed.

Effects of combination therapy of docetaxel with selenium on the human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7

PURPOSE: The anticancer property and cytoprotective role of selenium in chemotherapy have been reported. However, the combination effects of selenium on chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer have not yet been clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of selenium on chemotherapy using docetaxel on breast cancer cell lines. METHODS: Under adherent culture conditions, two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, were treated with docetaxel at 500pM and selenium at 100nM, 1microM, or 10microM. Changes in cell growth, cell cycle duration, and degree of apoptosis after 72 hours in each treated group were evaluated. RESULTS: In the MDA-MB-231 cells, the combination therapy group (docetaxel at 500pM plus selenium at 10microM) showed a significantly decreased percentage of cell growth (15% vs. 28%; P = 0.004), a significantly increased percentage of late apoptosis (63% vs. 26%; P = 0.001), and an increased cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase (P = 0.001) compared with the solitary docetaxel therapy group. Isobologram analysis demonstrated the synergistic effect of the combination therapy in the MDA-MB-231 cells. However, in the MCF-7 cells, no significant differences in the percentage of cell growth apoptosis, the percentage of apoptosis, and the pattern of cell cycle arrest were noted between the combination therapy groups and the solitary docetaxel therapy group. CONCLUSION: Our in vitro study indicated that the combination of selenium with docetaxel inhibits cell proliferation through apoptosis and cell arrest in the G2/M phase in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Predictive factors of central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between central lymph node (CLN) metastasis and clinicopathologic characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). In addition, we investigated the incidence and risk factors for contralateral CLN metastasis in unilateral PTC. This study suggests the appropriate surgical extent for CLN dissection. METHODS: A prospective study of 500 patients with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy and prophylactic bilateral CLN dissection was conducted. RESULTS: Of 500 patients, 255 had CLN metastases. The rate of CLN metastasis was considerably higher in cases of younger patients ( or =1 cm) (P = 0.019; OR, 4.440) and with ipsilateral CLN metastasis (P = 0.047; OR, 2.613). CONCLUSION: Younger age (<45 years old) and maximal tumor size greater than 1 cm were independent risk factors for CLN metastasis. Maximal tumor size greater than 1 cm and presence of ipsilateral CLN macrometastasis were independent risk factors for contralateral CLN metastasis. Therefore, both CLN dissections should be considered for unilateral PTC with a maximal tumor size greater than 1 cm or presence of ipsilateral CLN macrometastasis.

Sigmoid Colon Perforation after Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery: A Case Report

Bowel injury after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery is a rare but serious complication. In particular, diagnosis of a patient with bowel injury is difficult because of the unusual patient presentation and remaining intraabdominal gas. We report on a case of a sigmoid colon perforation after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. A 42-year-old woman with abdominal pain and distention underwent exploratory laparotomy. She had undergone laparoscopic gynecologic surgery 6 days ago. During the procedure, a sigmoid colon perforation was found as well as severe inflammation at the pelvic cavity. The patient underwent segmental resection of the sigmoid colon with loop ileostomy. Postoperative acute abdomen did not show classic signs on physical examination and diagnostic imaging. Thus, a more careful approach and interpretation of diagnosis was needed.

Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitor and Clopidogrel Combination on the Outcome of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It has recently been suggested that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might reduce the inhibitory effect of clopidogrel on platelet aggregation. Co-administration of a PPI and clopidogrel in patients with ischemic heart disease may thus alter clinical outcome. We investigated the effect of concomitant use of a PPI with clopidogrel in Korean patients with ischemic heart disease. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 99 patients with acute coronary syndrome taking clopidogrel and PPIs after discharge from CHA Bundang Medical Center between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2007. The control group consisted of 99 patients who were matched for age and sex but were not taking PPIs. RESULTS: Patients who received clopidogrel plus PPI had a greater than two times higher risk of re-admission or death (adjusted hazard ratio 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43~4.40; p = 0.001) than those who received clopidogrel alone. Lansoprazole use was associated with an increased risk of re-admission or death (adjusted hazard ratio 2.66; 95% CI 1.45~4.89; p = 0.002). Combined period of administration or Helicobacter pylori infection did not affect the risk of re-admission or death. CONCLUSIONS: Particular attention should be paid when patients with ischemic heart disease are prescribed a combination of clopidogrel and a PPI, since this combination was associated with an elevated risk of re-admission or death.

Gastric Mucosal Hemorrhage in a Patient with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune condition in which antibodies react against platelets and cause platelet destruction and bleeding that rarely results in gastrointestinal bleeding. Even though it is still controversial, a recent study suggested that Helicobacter pylori is one of the causes of ITP, and that eradication of H. pylori may be helpful for improving platelet count. We report a case of isolated gastric mucosal hemorrhage not related to H. pylori infection in a patient with ITP. A gastric mucosal biopsy revealed mild lamina proprial edema and extravasated red blood cells but no evidence of vasculitis or inflammatory cell infiltration. Thrombocytopenia can lead to a gastric mucosal hemorrhage not related to an H. pylori infection when treating patients with ITP.

Barium Peritonitis due to Inadvertent Vaginal Insertion rather than a Colonic Insertion: 1 Case Report / 대한내시경복강경외과학회지

Inadvertent vaginal insertion of barium sulfate is an uncommon complication of a barium enema examination. In the few reported cases, venous embolizaton of barium occurred and this usually resulted in death. We present here a case of vaginal insertion of the enema catheter in a young woman, resulting in barium in the uterus, fallopian tubes and abdominal cavity, but not in the veins. After an emergency laparoscopic operation, the patient had been doing well for 6 months without evidence of complication.

The Efficacy of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laparoscopic Lymph Node Dissection after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in Early Gastric Cancer Laparoscopic Lymph Node Dissection after ESD in EGC / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lymph node metastasis is infrequently found in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) following surgery. Accurate evaluation of lymph node status is very important in determining the appropriate treatment for patients with EGC. The efficacy of diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopic lymph node dissection after endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with EGC at high risk for lymph node metastasis was evaluated. METHODS: Among patients with EGC who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection between November 2006 and February 2009, 9 patients with undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, submucosal cancer, immunohistochemically-positive cytoplasmic staining for vascular endothelial growth factor, lymphovascular invasion, a high lymphatic microvessel density, or high microvessel density were selected. All patients underwent laparoscopic lymph node dissection for determination of lymph node status. The local IRB approved the study. RESULTS: All of the dissected lymph nodes were free of cancer cells in all of the patients. During 16 months of follow-up, no patients had evidence of tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic lymph node dissection after endoscopic submucosal dissection is useful to assess lymph node status and may help guide further treatment for patients with EGC at high risk for lymph node metastasis.

A Case of Successful Embolization with Superselection by Endoscopic Hemoclipping for Pseudoaneurysmal Bleeding in a Patient with Pylorus Preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Arterial bleeding after pancreaticoduodenectomy is a very serious complication with high mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment is essential. In particular, early detection and immediate embolization can be effectively used for the delayed massive bleeding that occurs from a pseudoaneurysmal rupture. However, sometimes intermittent bleeding or a vessel spasm can cause the bleeding focus to remain unidentified in spite of repeated angiography. We experienced a case of successful embolization with superselection by endoscopic hemoclipping in a patient who underwent pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, and the patient's bleeding focus was not found after repeated angiography. Endoscopic hemoclip application can be useful for localizing a pseudoaneurysmal rupture in patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Comparison of Quality of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Manikins with a Change in the Compression to Ventilation Ratio from 30:2 to 15:1

PURPOSE: To minimize an interruption in chest compression, reduce the hands-off time, the American Heart Association has recommended changing the ratio of chest compression to ventilation ratio to 30:2. However, current studies have shown that the hands-off time was >10 seconds with that method. For this reason, we reasoned that a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 15:1 would be a more suitable way to reduce hands-off time because this ratio will not change the total compression and ventilation count. METHODS: The subjects were asked to perform CPR for 5 cycles with a compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2. The subjects rested for 5 minutes, then performed CPR with a compression to ventilation of 15:1. The skill performance was measured and analyzed using a statistical program. RESULTS: In the group which performed CPR with a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2, the average number of compressions per minute was 76+/-9, while at a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 15:1, the average number of compressions per minute was 68+/-9. Between the compression to ventilation ratios of 30:2 and 15:1, the count gap was 8.3+/-3.2. When CPR was performed at a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2, the average hands-off time was 9.3+/-1.9. When CPR was performed at a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 15:1, the average hands-off time was 6.7+/-1.3. Between chest compression to ventilation ratios of 30:2 and 15:1, the time gap of the average hands-off time was 2.7+/-1.2 seconds. CONCLUSION: When the chest compression to ventilation ratio was 15:1, the hands-off time was significantly reduced, but the compressions per minute were also reduced.

Preoperative Axillary Staging Using 18F-FDG PET/CT and Ultrasonography in Breast Cancer Patients / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: The axillary lymph node status is an important prognostic factor for recurrence and survival of patients who have primary breast cancer. This study determined the accuracy of ultrasonography and 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in preoperative staging in axilla in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: One hundred seventy-one patients with primary breast cancer were recruited from January 2007 to August 2008. All the patients underwent axillary ultrasonography and 18F-FDG PET/CT for the axillary staging before their operation. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity, specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values and the accuracy of axillary ultrasonography for making the diagnosis of axillary metastasis were 73.07%, 84.87%, 67.85%, 87.82%, and 81.28%, respectively. On a visual assessment of 18F-FDG PET/CT, the diagnostic accuracy was 85.38% with 69.23% sensitivity, 92.43% specificity, a positive predictive value of 80.00%, and a negative predictive value of 87.30%. By the combined use axillary ultrasonography and 18F-FDG PET/CT to the axilla, the sensitivity, specificity, the positive and negative predictive values and the diagnostic accuracy were 82.35%, 97.91%, 93.33%, 94.00%, and 93.84%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of 18F-FDG PET/CT and ultrasonography improves preoperative axillary staging in breast cancer that are often not found if only one imaging modalities are applied.

A case of leiomyosarcoma arising from the posterior mediastinum / 대한내과학회지

Primary mediastinal leiomyosarcoma is an extremely rare neoplasm that arises from smooth muscle, usually in the esophagus or main vessels, but rarely from small vessels in the soft tissues of the mediastinum. The clinical findings depend mostly on its size and the subsequent compression of neighboring structures. The treatment of choice is surgical removal. We report the case of a 78-year-old female who presented with esophageal compression symptoms due to a 9-cm inhomogeneous mass in the posterior mediastinum. A computed tomography (CT)-guided gun biopsy and immunohistochemistry established the pathological diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma with a high grade of malignancy. Surgery was performed because of local invasion involving the aorta and diaphragm. The literature is reviewed and the pathology discussed